Blockchain Attack Vectors

Learn about different blockchain attacks and simulate them in a controlled environment.

Priority Attack Vectors

These advanced attack types represent the greatest security threats to blockchain networks and are the primary focus of this research.

BlackBird 51% Attack

Description

A BlackBird 51% attack occurs when an attacker gains control of more than 50% of the network's hash rate, allowing them to manipulate blockchain consensus and potentially rewrite transaction history.

Characteristics

  • Attacker controls majority of network hash power
  • Can reverse transactions and perform double-spending
  • Able to prevent transaction confirmations
  • Can exclude other miners from finding valid blocks

Detection Methods

  • Real-time hash rate distribution monitoring
  • Unusual chain reorganization detection
  • Network anomaly analysis
  • ML-based pattern recognition for early warnings
Legend: Honest Node Malicious Node Blockchain Network Normal Network Hash Power (49%) Attacker's Hash Power (51%) Transaction Reversal Block Reorganization
BlackBird 51% Attack Simulation Results

Black Bird Embedded Double-Spending Attack (BBEDSA)

Description

BBEDSA is a sophisticated variant combining elements of 51% attacks with strategic transaction manipulation. The attacker embeds conflicting transactions across multiple blocks, making detection particularly difficult.

Characteristics

  • Creates shadow chains with conflicting transactions
  • Embeds malicious transactions across multiple blocks
  • Performs sophisticated double-spending through chain manipulation
  • Exploits transaction verification weaknesses

Detection Methods

  • Transaction graph analysis for conflicting patterns
  • Chain reorganization monitoring
  • Authentication verification for high-value transactions
  • Advanced ML anomaly detection for embedded attacks
Legend: Valid Block Shadow Block Main Chain: Block N Block N+1 TX-A (Valid) Block N+2 Block N+3 Shadow Chain: Block N Block N+1' TX-B (Double-spend) Block N+2' Block N+3' Block N+4' Longer chain replaces valid chain
BBEDSA Attack Simulation Results

Denial of Chain (DoC) Attack

Description

A Denial of Chain attack floods the blockchain with spam transactions, causing network congestion, increased fees, and preventing legitimate transactions from being processed in a timely manner.

Characteristics

  • Massive transaction spamming
  • Network congestion and throughput reduction
  • Transaction processing delays
  • Fee market manipulation

Detection Methods

  • Transaction volume anomaly detection
  • Sender pattern analysis
  • Transaction value profiling
  • Network congestion monitoring
Legend: Valid TX Spam TX Mempool Processing Slow Throughput
DoC Attack Simulation Results

Secondary Attack Vector

This attack type has been recently implemented but is not a primary focus of the security research.

Timejacking Attack

Description

A Timejacking attack manipulates a node's network time perception to trick it into accepting an alternative blockchain or rejecting valid blocks, effectively isolating the node from the legitimate network.

Characteristics

  • Manipulates timestamping mechanisms
  • Exploits time-based validation rules
  • Creates artificial time gaps between blocks
  • Can affect block acceptance decisions

Detection Methods

  • Timestamp consistency verification
  • Network time protocol synchronization checks
  • Block timing anomaly detection
  • Multiple time source validation
Legend: Normal Time Manipulated Time Network Timeline Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Manipulated Timeline Block 1 Block 2' Block 3' +70 min offset +130 min offset
Timejacking Attack Simulation Results

Additional Attack Vectors

These traditional attack types are included for completeness but are not the primary focus of our security research.

Sybil Attack

Description

A Sybil attack occurs when a malicious actor creates multiple identities (nodes) to gain a disproportionate influence over the network. This can lead to consensus manipulation and double-spending.

Characteristics

  • Multiple nodes created by the same entity
  • Nodes often exhibit similar behavior patterns
  • May control a significant portion of network hash power
  • Can potentially influence transaction validation

Detection Methods

  • Network analysis to identify node clusters
  • Hash rate monitoring for abnormal distribution
  • IP address correlation
  • Machine learning-based pattern recognition
Legend: Honest Node Malicious Node A B C D E S1 S2 S3 S4
Sybil Attack Simulation Results

Eclipse Attack

Description

An Eclipse attack occurs when an attacker takes control of all connections to and from a specific node, effectively isolating it from the legitimate network. This allows the attacker to feed false information to the victim node.

Characteristics

  • Target node is isolated from legitimate peers
  • Attacker controls all information flow to the victim
  • Victim may receive a manipulated view of the blockchain
  • Can lead to double-spending and consensus issues

Detection Methods

  • Network topology monitoring
  • Connection diversity checks
  • Peer address verification
  • Anomaly detection in block propagation times
Legend: Honest Node Malicious Node Victim Node V A B C D E F M1 M2 M3 M4
Eclipse Attack Simulation Results

Finney Attack

Description

The Finney attack is a sophisticated double-spending technique where an attacker pre-mines a block containing a transaction back to themselves, then makes a purchase and broadcasts the pre-mined block to reverse the transaction.

Characteristics

  • Requires significant mining power
  • Relies on zero-confirmation transactions
  • Targets merchants who accept fast payments
  • Attacker must have a pre-mined block ready

Detection Methods

  • Requiring multiple confirmations
  • Monitoring for conflicting transactions
  • Tracking orphaned blocks
  • Analyzing network propagation patterns
Legend: Valid Block Private Block Public Chain Private Chain Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Pay Merchant Block 3' Pay Self ? Release Private Chain After Purchase
Finney Attack Simulation Results